Metaphysical and existential personalism

Introduction. The relevance of the study of the phenomenon of philosophical personalism is related to the fact that personalism is a multi – valued philosophical concept used in different contexts. It can denote either a characteristic feature of a worldview (for example, it is very common to hear that the Christian worldview is characterized by personalism), or the teaching of a separate philosophical school (for example, French or Russian personalism). Finally, personalism can be used as a term that characterizes the teaching of a particular thinker about personality. The very use of this category in Russian and Western philosophical traditions has a certain difference. To understand the essence of these divisions and make some opinion about the truth of the definitions, it is necessary to refer to the history of the issue.

Materials and methods. The hermeneutical methods (author's translation and interpretation of foreign-language texts) are used as a methodological basis; general scientific methods: analytical, synthesis, generalization; private scientific methods: reconstruction of philosophical views of Western philosophers of the late XVII-early XIX centuries in combination with a comparative historical method.

Results. The study offers an analysis of the transition from a substantial model of personality to an existential one. The doctrine of the autonomous subject has its origin in Descartes ' philosophy and is developed in Modern European philosophy, finding full expression in Kant's transcendental anthropology. Personalism is formed as a kind of theological reaction to rationalism and materialistic tendencies characteristic of this line of development of philosophy. Thus, in the refutation of Spinoza's monism, the pluralistic monadology of Leibniz appears, which is the basis of metaphysical personalism. Similarly, as a result of the controversy surrounding Spinoza's pantheism and Kant's rational religiosity, the theistic personalism of J. Haman and F. Jacobi was formed, which became the basis of the tradition that led to existential personalism.

Discussion and conclusions. As a result of the study, a number of conclusions can be drawn. This is how we can talk about the substantial personalism of the Christian tradition, with its teaching about the human hypostasis, which has an individual body and soul. On metaphysical personalism based on Leibniz's monadology. And about the existential personalism that is being formed in opposition to Kant's subjectivism and rationalism in the religious and philosophical thought of J. Haman and F. Jacobi.

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