Defining special educational conditions for teaching natural science to schoolchildren with autism spectrum disorders at the basic general education level

Introduction. The article presents the reasoning for the need to create special educational conditions for students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the process of learning of natural science, particularly physics, in primary school. Based on an analysis of scientific publications, it examines the psychosocial characteristics and special educational needs of this category of students at the basic general education level. It sets the special conditions for conducting lessons and practical work in physics, as well as the conditions for assessment procedures in the implementation of the Federal Working Program (FWP) in basic general education "Physics" for students with ASD.

Materials and Methods. The study is based on a systematic activity-based approach that underpins the education of children with disabilities, particularly students with ASD. The research materials include scientific publications reflecting the psychosocial development features and special educational needs of children with ASD in primary school. The research method involved the analyses of scientific publications and regulatory documents, particularly the adapted educational program for this category of students. The results of the analysis of scientific publications were summarized and structured in several areas, allowing for the formalization and sequential presentation of special educational conditions for studying natural science by students with ASD at the basic general education level.

Results. Based on the analysis of the psychosocial development features and special educational needs of students with ASD at the basic general education level, special conditions for conducting lessons and practical work with this category of students in primary school physics classes have been identified and set. The description of special educational conditions is structured into the following sections: spatial-temporal conditions, material and technical conditions, educational and didactic conditions, psychological-pedagogical conditions, and staffing conditions. Special conditions for conducting assessment procedures in the implementation of the Federal Working Program (FWP) in basic general education "Physics" for students with ASD are described in the same systematic manner.

Discussion and Conclusions. The article defends the necessity of creating special educational conditions when studying natural science, particularly physics, in primary school for students with ASD, even if they possess specific giftedness in the field of natural sciences. The special educational conditions are described and systematized in several sections, which will facilitate their implementation in the practical activities of physics teachers. The article discusses the prospects of research related to the testing of the identified set of special educational conditions and the expert evaluation from practitioners—physics teachers working in inclusive primary school settings.

1. Antonova I. D., Kostin I. A. Features of school adaptation of students with autism spectrum disorders in the first year of study. Klinicheskaya i special'naya psihologiya, 2023, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 78-97. (In Russ.)

2. Borisova N. V., Rozenblyum S. A., SHargorodskaya L. V. Psychological and pedagogical assistance to a student with autism spectrum disorders in basic school. FGBNU «IKP RAO» Publ., 2021. Available at: https://ikp-rao.ru/metodicheskie-rekomendacii/metodichka-1-2021/ (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

3. Bugro N. E., Gogolashvili O. V. Practice-oriented approach in teaching physics to children with disabilities. Aktual'nye problemy estestvenno-nauchnogo i matematicheskogo obrazovaniya: materialy Vserossijskogo seminara-soveshchaniya, Lipeck, 30–31 oktyabrya 2019 goda / red. L. A. CHernyh, I. V. Aksyonova, N. M. Kuznecova, O. V. Gogolashvili. Lipetsk, GAU DPO Lipeckoj oblasti «Institut razvitiya obrazovaniya» Publ., 2019. Pp. 41-45. EDN VDJRJR. (In Russ.)

4. Vatutina O. N. Features of working with children with disabilities in physics lessons. Istoriya, sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy innovacionnogo razvitiya obshchestva: sbornik statej Nacional'noj (Vserossijskoj) nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Orenburg, 22 dekabrya 2021 goda. Ufa, Obshchestvo s ogranichennoj otvetstvennost'yu «OMEGA SAJNS» Publ., 2021. Pp. 223-226. EDN KNGJUW. (In Russ.)

5. Gusynina D. A., Stefanova G. P. Application of digital educational technologies in teaching physics to schoolchildren with disabilities. Obrazovanie v cifrovuyu epohu: problemy i perspektivy: sbornik trudov Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Astrahan', 25– 26 aprelya 2019 goda. Astrakhan, Astrahanskij gos. universitet, Izdatel'skij dom «Astrahanskij universitet» Publ., 2019. Pp. 55-57. EDN MUGYAN. (In Russ.)

6. Douson M., Sul'er I., Gernsbaher M. E., Mottron L. Level and nature of autistic intelligence. Available at: http://www.aspergers.ru/node/275 (accessed: 11.09.2024). (In Russ.)

7. Karabanova O. A., Goncharova E. L., Kukushkina O. I., Nikol'skaya O. S. Development of education of children with disabilities of primary school age: target guidelines and strategic directions. Al'manah Instituta korrekcionnoj pedagogiki. Al'manah № 36, 2019. Available at: https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanac-36/the-development-of-education-of-children-withdisabilities-of-primary-school-age-targets,-and-strategic-directions (accessed: 04.09.2024). (In Russ.)

8. Klevetova T. V., Abdrahmanova E. I. Development of an educational website for teaching physics to students with disabilities using distance technologies. Poisk (Volgograd), 2019, no. 1 (10), pp. 157-159, edn myhyor. (In Russ.)

9. Korobejnikov I. A., Babkina N. V. A child with disabilities: forecasting psychosocial development in a modern educational environment. Klinicheskaya i special'naya psihologiya, 2021, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 239-252. (In Russ.)

10. Kostin I. A. Organization of informal communication between adolescents and adults with the consequences of childhood autism. Al'manah Instituta korrekcionnoj pedagogiki. Al'manah № 23, 2015. Available at: https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanah-23/organizacziya-neformalnogoobshheniya-podrostkov-i-vzroslyix-s-posledstviyami-detskogo-autizma (accessed: 04.09.2024). (In Russ.)

11. Kostin I. A. Improving competence in social interactions in classes with adolescents and young people with special needs. Defektologiya, 2017, no. 3, pp. 23-30. (In Russ.)

12. Kostin I. A. Assistance in employment for people with ASD. FGBNU «IKP RAO» Publ., 2020. Available at: https://ikp-rao.ru/metodicheskie-rekomendacii/soderzhanie-29/ (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

13. Kostin I. A. Formation of life competencies in schoolchildren, adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): a methodological manual. Moscow, IKP Publ., 2023. Available at: https://ikprao.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Formirovanie_zhiznennyh_kompetencij_u_shkolnikov_podrostkov_s_RAS.pdf (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

14. Kukushkina O. I. Development of cultural and historical tradition in correctional pedagogy. Al'manah Instituta korrekcionnoj pedagogiki. Al'manah № 39, 2019. Available at: https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanah-39/the-development-of-cultural-and-historical-traditions-incorrectional-pedagogics (accessed: 03.09.2024). (In Russ.)

15. Kukushkina O. I., Nikol'skaya O. S., Goncharova E. L. Children with Special Educational Needs in the System of Concepts of Cultural-Historical Psychology. Al'manah Instituta korrekcionnoj pedagogiki. Al'manah № 39, 2019. Available at: https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanah-39/children-with-special-educational-needs-in-the-system-of-concepts-of-cultural-historicalpsychology (accessed: 03.09.2024). (In Russ.)

16. Luk'yanova A. V. Possibilities of the course "Technical and Audiovisual Aids to Teaching Physics" in Preparing Future Teachers to Work with Children with Disabilities. Matematika i informatika, astronomiya i fizika, ekonomika i sovershenstvovanie ih prepodavaniya: materialy konferencii «CHteniya Ushinskogo», YAroslavl', 02–03 marta 2017 goda. Yaroslavl, YAroslavskij gosudarstvennyj pedagogicheskij universitet im. K.D. Ushinskogo Publ., 2017. Pp. 124-129. EDN XVBVZB. (In Russ.)

17. Lyagaeva M. A. Features of teaching physics in inclusive classes x of the modern Russian school. Aktual'nye problemy sociogumanitarnogo obrazovaniya: cbornik statej / nauchnaya redakciya T. S. Dorohovoj, E. V. Dongauzer. Ekaterinburg, 2021. Pp. 153-157. EDN OSSPSY. (In Russ.)

18. Malofeev N. N. Concept of development of education of children with disabilities: basic provisions. Al'manah Instituta korrekcionnoj pedagogiki. Al'manah № 36, 2019. Available at: https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanac-36/the-concept-of-development-of-education-of-childrenwith-disabilities (accessed: 03.09.2024). (In Russ.)

19. Methodology for the development, selection and structuring of test items for interim certification of students with disabilities receiving basic general education: methodological recommendations / ed. general. ed. T. A. Solovieva, A. Ya. Abkovich. Moscow, IKP Publ., 2023. Available at: https://ikp-rao.ru/wpcontent/uploads/2024/08/Metodika_razrabotki_otbora_i_strukturirovaniya_testovyh_zadanij.pd f (accessed: 18.09.2024). (In Russ.)

20. Morozov S. A., Morozova T. I. Special educational needs of students with autism spectrum disorders. Vospitanie i obuchenie detej s narusheniyami razvitiya, 2018, no. 3, pp. 5-10. (In Russ.)

21. Nikol'skaya O. S. Methodological recommendations for the design of differentiated educational conditions for children with disabilities for different levels of education. Part 2: Methodological recommendations for designing differentiated educational conditions for children with autism spectrum disorders for different levels of education. FGBNU «IKP RAO» Publ., 2021. Available at: https://ikp-rao.ru/metodicheskie-rekomendacii/q1/ (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

22. Nikol'skaya O. S. On some general requirements for determining special educational needs (using the example of children with ASD). Defektologiya, 2024, no. 2, p. 12, doi: 10.47639/0130- 3074_2024_2_12. (In Russ.)

23. Nikol'skaya O. S. Tutoring support for students with autism spectrum disorders in elementary school: a methodological manual. Moscow, FGBNU «IKP RAO» Publ., 2020. 25 p. (In Russ.)

24. Pereverzeva D. S., Tyushkevich S. A., Braginec E. I. Experience of adapting the tool for assessing academic achievements taking into account the characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders. Autizm i narusheniya razvitiya, 2021, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 15-23. (In Russ.)

25. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2014 No. 1598 "On approval of the federal state educational standard of primary general education for students with disabilities". Available at: https://docs.edu.gov.ru/document/e2bb03c57325d29c7fef3910a36d9a30/ (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

26. Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of November 24, 2022 No. 1025 "On approval of the federal adapted educational program of basic general education for students with disabilities." Available at: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202303220006 (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

27. Sevost'yanova T. S. Application of the case method in teaching children with disabilities in physics classes. Pedagogika i psihologiya kak osnova razvitiya sovremennogo obshchestva: sbornik statej po itogam Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, CHelyabinsk, 14 noyabrya 2020 goda. Sterlitamak, Obshchestvo s ogranichennoj otvetstvennost'yu «Agentstvo mezhdunarodnyh issledovanij» Publ., 2020. Pp. 146-149. EDN UECCCF. (In Russ.)

28. Theory and Methods of Teaching Physics: Lecture Notes. Part II: Audiovisual Teaching Technologies / compiled by I. A. Irodova, L. P. Kazantseva, A. V. Lukyanova. Yaroslavl, YAGPU Publ., 2008. 24 p. (In Russ.)

29. Tokarskaya L. V., Trubicyna A. N. Study of the Abilities and Interests of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Izvestiya Ural'skogo federal'nogo universiteta. Seriya 1: Problemy obrazovaniya, nauki i kul'tury, 2018, vol. 24, no. 4 (180), pp. 121-129. (In Russ.)

30. Haustov A. V. Special Educational Needs of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autizm i narusheniya razvitiya, 2016, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 3-12, doi: 10.17759/autdd.2016140201. (In Russ.)

31. SHargorodskaya L. V. Basic conditions, methods and forms of organizing the education of primary school students with autism spectrum disorders: methodological recommendations. Moscow, IKP Publ., 2023. Available at: https://ikp-rao.ru/wpcontent/uploads/2024/02/Osnovnye_usloviya_metody_i_formy_organizacii_obrazovaniya_mladshih.pdf (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

32. SHargorodskaya L. V. Creation of special educational conditions for teaching children with autism spectrum disorders in primary school. Dynamic integration model. Al'manah Instituta korrekcionnoj pedagogiki. Al'manah № 34, 2018. Available at: https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanac-34/the-creation-of-special-educational-conditions-forlearning-in-elementary-school-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-dynamic-model-ofintegration (accessed: 17.09.2024). (In Russ.)

33. Baron-Cohen S., Hammer J. Parents of children with Asperger syndrome: what is the cognitive phenotype? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1997, vol. 9, pp. 548-554.

34. Frith U. A new look at language and communication in autism. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1989, vol. 24, pp. 123-150.

35. Frith U. Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford, 1989.

36. Happe F. Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1999, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 216-222.

37. Iovannone R., Dunlap G., Huber H., Kincaid D. Effective educational practices for students with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 2003, vol. 18, pp. 150-165, doi: 10.1177/10883576030180030301.

38. Scheuffgen K., Happé F., Anderson M., Frith U. High “intelligence”, low “IQ”? Speed of processing and measured IQ in children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 2000, no. 12, pp. 83-90.

39. The Autism ASPECTSS™Index. Available at: https://www.autism.archi/aspectss (accessed: 18.09.2024).

40. Treffert D. A. The idiot savant: a review of the syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1988, no. 145, pp. 563-572.