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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mininuniver</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Мининского университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik of Minin University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2307-1281</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26795/2307-1281-2025-13-3-10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mininuniver-1788</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОРРЕКЦИОННАЯ ПЕДАГОГИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CORRECTIONAL PEDAGOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение когнитивных особенностей обучающихся с расстройствами аутистического спектра, существенных для освоения естественно-научных дисциплин</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of the cognitive characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorders that are essential for mastering natural sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-601X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Либлинг</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Libling</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Либлинг Мария Михайловна – кандидат психологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Научно-образовательной лаборатории предпрофессионального естественнонаучного образования; заведующий лабораторией образования и комплексной абилитации детей с аутизмом</p><p> Нижний Новгород, Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Libling Maria M. – Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Leading Researcher of Scientific and Educational Laboratory of Pre-Professional Natural and Scientific Education; Head of the Laboratory of Education and Comprehensive Habilitation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">libling@ikp.email</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0876-9776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемьева</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemeva</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артемьева Дарья Евгеньевна – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории образования и комплексной абилитации детей с аутизмом</p><p>Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artemeva Daria E. – junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Education and Comprehensive Habilitation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders</p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">artemeva@ikp.email</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Нижегородский государственный педагогический университет имени Козьмы Минина (Мининский университет) ; Институт коррекционной педагогики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University (Minin University) ; Institute of Special Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт коррекционной педагогики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Special Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Либлинг М.М., Артемьева Д.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Либлинг М.М., Артемьева Д.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Libling M.M., Artemeva D.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.minin-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/1788">https://www.minin-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/1788</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В статье рассматривается специфика когнитивной деятельности обучающихся с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС) в ходе освоения естественно-научных дисциплин, в том числе в процессе выполнения математических заданий. Обосновывается необходимость дифференцированного подхода в обучении, учитывающего особенности когнитивной сферы данной категории детей для повышения возможностей каждого ученика в освоении программного материала. Выявляются категории ошибок и трудностей, отражающие специальные проблемы, возникающие в учебной деятельности у детей с РАС и требующие системной педагогической работы.Материалы и методы. Теоретическая часть исследования основана на анализе научных публикаций, посвященных особенностям освоения учащимися с РАС естественных наук. Приводятся данные собственного эмпирического исследования, основанного на анализе результатов годовых контрольных работ по математике, выполненных учащимися с РАС, обучающимися в четвертых, шестых и восьмых классах общеобразовательной школы. Рассмотрены работы 55 учащихся с РАС в возрасте от 11 до 16 лет, обучающихся по варианту адаптированной образовательной программы 8.2, предназначенной для детей с РАС, не имеющих интеллектуальных нарушений. Материалами исследования были также данные анкет для педагогов, проводивших контрольные работы. Таким образом, исследование основано на обобщении данных научной литературы, а также на количественном и качественном анализе результатов, полученных эмпирическим путем.Результаты исследования. Обобщение данных современных исследований позволило выделить две основные категории когнитивных проблем, характерных для детей с РАС, которые необходимо учитывать при их обучении естественно-научным дисциплинам: трудности, связанные с несформированностью исполнительных функций, и трудности, обусловленные дефицитами вербального понимания и социального восприятия. Проблемами этих двух категорий обусловлена почти половина ошибок, допущенных учащимися с РАС в контрольных работах по математике. В статье приводятся основные виды ошибок каждой категории. Кроме того, результаты эмпирического исследования показали, что доля ошибок, связанных с дефицитами исполнительных функций, снижается на протяжении обучения, так же как и доля «неспецифических» для детей с РАС ошибок, связанных с недостаточностью знаний и вычислительных навыков. При этом доля ошибок, обусловленных дефицитами вербального понимания и социального восприятия, год от года увеличивается.Обсуждение и заключения. Данные эмпирического исследования, основанного на оценке ошибок и трудностей при выполнении учащимися с РАС контрольных работ по математике, позволили проанализировать их специфику и отнести к разным категориям. При этом трудности одной из выявленных категорий, связанные с дефицитами вербального понимания и социального восприятия, оказались наиболее устойчивыми и, соответственно, требующими особого внимания педагогов на всех этапах обучения детей с РАС. С помощью обобщения и анализа данных, полученных при анкетировании учителей, проводивших контрольные работы, удалось наметить комплекс способов и приемов, направленных на системную проработку проблем, связанных с особенностями когнитивной деятельности детей с РАС в процессе освоения естественно-научных дисциплин. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о наибольшей актуальности методов и приемов, направленных на улучшение вербального понимания и социального восприятия, так как именно эти специфические для учащихся с РАС проблемы выступают в нашем исследовании как наиболее устойчивые к педагогическим воздействиям.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The article examines the specifics of cognitive activity of students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the course of mastering natural science disciplines, including the process of performing mathematical tasks. The necessity of a differentiated approach in teaching, taking into account the cognitive sphere of this category of children, is substantiated in order to increase the capabilities of each student in mastering the program material. Categories of errors and difficulties are identified, reflecting the special problems that arise in the educational activity of children with ASD and requiring systematic pedagogical work.Materials and methods. The theoretical part of the study is based on the analysis of scientific publications devoted to the peculiarities of the development of natural sciences by students with ASD. The data of own empirical research based on the analysis of the results of annual control works in mathematics performed by students with ASD, studying in the fourth, sixth and eighth grades of a general education school, are given. The works of 55 students with ASD aged 11-16 years old, studying according to the variant of the adapted educational program 8.2, intended for children with ASD, who do not have intellectual disabilities, are considered. The study also used data from questionnaires filled out by teachers who conducted the tests. Thus, the study is based on a synthesis of scientific literature and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results obtained through empirical research.Results. A summary of current research data has identified two main categories of cognitive challenges faced by children with ASD that must be taken into account when teaching them science: difficulties related to executive function deficits and difficulties related to verbal comprehension and social perception deficits. These two categories account for almost half of the errors made by students with ASD in math tests. The article provides an overview of the main types of errors in each category. In addition, the results of an empirical study showed that the proportion of errors related to executive function deficits decreases over the course of education, as does the proportion of "non-specific" errors for children with ASD, which are related to a lack of knowledge and computational skills. However, the proportion of errors caused by deficits in verbal comprehension and social perception increases from year to year.Discussion and conclusions. The data of the empirical study based on the assessment of errors and difficulties in the performance of students with ASD of control works in mathematics, allowed to analyze their specificity and assign to different categories. At the same time, the difficulties of one of the identified categories, associated with the deficiencies of verbal understanding and social perception, were the most stable and, accordingly, require special attention of teachers at all stages of education of children with ASD. By summarizing and analyzing the data obtained from the teachers' questionnaires, it was possible to identify a set of methods and techniques aimed at systematically addressing the challenges faced by children with ASD in the process of learning science subjects. The results of the study indicate that methods and techniques aimed at improving verbal understanding and social perception are the most relevant, as these specific problems for students with ASD are the most resistant to pedagogical interventions in our study.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расстройства аутистического спектра</kwd><kwd>особенности когнитивной сферы</kwd><kwd>предметы естественно-научного цикла</kwd><kwd>характерные трудности и ошибки</kwd><kwd>способы и приемы педагогической работы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Autism spectrum disorders</kwd><kwd>cognitive features</kwd><kwd>natural science subjects</kwd><kwd>typical difficulties and errors</kwd><kwd>methods and techniques of teaching</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонова И. Д., Костин И. А. 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