<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mininuniver</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Мининского университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik of Minin University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2307-1281</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26795/2307-1281-2025-13-1-2</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mininuniver-1652</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VOCATIONAL TRAINING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Диаграммы деятельности студентов «Бизнес-информатики»: исследование восприятия и дефектов при их создании</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Student activity diagrams in the business informatics: a study of perception and defects during their creation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8560-7036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дацун</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Datsun</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дацун Наталья Николаевна – кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, кафедра информационных технологий в бизнесе.</p><p>Пермь</p><p>ResearcherID JFK-9494-2023</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya N. Datsun – Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Information Technologies in Business, HSE University.</p><p>Perm</p><p>ResearcherID JFK-9494-2023</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nndatsun@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>2</fpage><lpage>2</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дацун Н.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дацун Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Datsun N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.minin-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/1652">https://www.minin-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/1652</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Успешное освоение методологии объектно ориентированного моделирования бизнес-процессов требует от обучающихся «Бизнес-информатики» значительных временных затрат и усилий в практической деятельности. Как студенты этой специальности воспринимают диаграммы деятельности языка UML? Почему созданные ими модели содержат дефекты, которые снижают качество диаграмм? Зависит ли количество дефектов модели от уровня образования ее автора? Может ли сложность моделей влиять на их качество? Цель исследования – найти ответы на эти актуальные вопросы, которые помогут скорректировать обучение бизнес-информатиков созданию диаграмм деятельности и направить его на развитие у них устойчивых профессиональных компетенций моделирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выполнен опрос обучающихся на дисциплинах объектно ориентированного анализа и проектирования о степени сложности восприятия диаграмм деятельности и перспектив их дальнейшего использования. Изучены ответы 363 респондентов. Педагогический эксперимент проведен на корпусе из 124 диаграмм деятельности, созданных студентами бакалавриата и магистратуры специальности «Бизнес-информатика» и близкой к ней. Выполнены классификация дефектов, поиск связи между количеством дефектов различных классов, а также между мерой сложности модели и количеством дефектов в ней. Использован статистический и корреляционный анализ, выполненный с помощью открытого программного обеспечения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Модели бизнес-процессов в целом не воспринимаются обучающимися как простые для создания и необходимые в практической деятельности. Однако будущие бизнес-аналитики планируют использовать их на практике в первую очередь. Не были подтверждены гипотезы о нормальности распределений выборок количества дефектов в моделях студентов бакалавриата и магистратуры, в том числе по классам дефектов, а также у выборок меры сложности этих диаграмм. Использована ранговая корреляция, которая показала существование статистической значимой положительной связи между количеством дефектов различных классов с учетом уровня образования авторов моделей, а также между количеством дефектов модели и ее сложностью.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключения</title><p>Обсуждение и заключения. Обработка данных опроса показала, что обучающиеся воспринимают диаграммы деятельности как непростой вид моделей, а бизнес-информатики понимают их важность в аналитической работе. Студенты бакалавриата и магистратуры испытывают похожие трудности при создании моделей бизнес-процессов. Выявлен элемент диаграмм деятельности, который является основным источником дефектов. Студенты магистратуры с образованием «Бакалавр бизнес-информатики» не смогли создать бездефектные модели, что свидетельствует о применении неверных шаблонов моделирования путем подмены понятий этапа анализа понятиями этапа проектирования информационной системы. Устранение в процессе обучения выявленных причин дефектов в диаграммах деятельности будет способствовать повышению качества последних и формированию соответствующих компетенций у студентов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Successful mastery of the object-oriented modeling methodology of business processes requires students of Business Informatics to invest significant time and effort in practical activities. How do students of this specialty perceive UML activity diagrams? Why do the models they create contain defects that reduce the quality of the diagrams? Does the defects number in the model depend on the education level of its author? The purpose of the study is to find answers to these pressing questions that will help adjust the training of business informaticians in creating activity diagrams and developing their sustainable professional modeling competencies.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A survey of students in the disciplines of object-oriented analysis and design was conducted on the degree of complexity of perception of activity diagrams and the prospects for their further use. The responses of 363 respondents were studied. The pedagogical experiment was carried on a corpus of 124 activity diagrams created by bachelor's and master's degree program students majoring in Business Informatics and related fields. The classification of defects, the search for a relationship between the defects number of different classes, as well as between the complexity measure of the model and the defects number in it were performed out. Statistical and correlation analysis was performed using open source software.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Business process models are generally not perceived by students as easy to create and necessary in practical activities. However, future business analysts plan to use them in practice first and foremost. The hypotheses in normality testing of the defects number samples in the models of bachelor's and master's degree program students, including by classes of defects, as well as samples of the complexity measure of these diagrams, were not confirmed. Rank correlation was used, which showed the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship between the defects number of different classes, taking into account the education level of the authors of the models, as well as between the defects number in model and its complexity.</p><p>Discussion and conclusions. Survey data processing showed that students perceive activity diagrams as a complex type of models, and business informaticians understand their importance in analytical work. Bachelor's and master's degree program students experience similar difficulties when creating business process models. An element of activity diagrams has been identified, which is the main source of defects. Master's degree students with a Bachelor of Business Informatics degree were unable to create defect-free models. This indicates the use of incorrect modeling patterns by substituting the concepts of the analysis stage with the concepts of the information system design stage. Elimination of the identified causes of defects in activity diagrams during the learning process will contribute to improving the quality of the latter and developing the corresponding competencies in students.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>моделирование бизнес-процессов</kwd><kwd>диаграммы деятельности</kwd><kwd>восприятие диаграмм деятельности</kwd><kwd>дефект модели</kwd><kwd>типы дефектов</kwd><kwd>количество дефектов</kwd><kwd>классы дефектов</kwd><kwd>сложность диаграммы деятельности</kwd><kwd>ранговая корреляция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>business process modeling</kwd><kwd>activity diagrams</kwd><kwd>activity diagrams perception</kwd><kwd>model defect</kwd><kwd>defects types</kwd><kwd>defects number</kwd><kwd>defects classes</kwd><kwd>activity diagram complexity</kwd><kwd>rank correlation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Большой академический словарь русского языка: d 30 т. / под ред. К. С. Горбачевича. М.– СПб., 2006. Т. 5. 693 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Large Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language: d 30 volumes / edited by K. S. Gorbachevich. Moscow–St. Petersburg, 2006. Vol. 5. 693 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брюс П., Брюс Э. Практическая статистика для специалистов Data Science. СПб., 2018. 304 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryus P., Bryus E. Practical Statistics for Data Science Specialists. St. Petersburg, 2018. 304 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буч Г., Рамбо Д., Якобсон И. Язык UML. Руководство пользователя: пер. с англ. М., 2022. 495 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buch G., Rambo D., YAkobson I. The UML Language. User's Guide: trans. from English. Moscow, 2022. 495 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 19.701-90. Межгосударственный стандарт. Единая система программной документации. Схемы алгоритмов, программ, данных и систем. Обозначения условные и правила выполнения. М., 2010. С. 139-158. URL: https://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&amp;id=137637 (дата обращения: 08.09.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST 19.701-90. Interstate Standard. Unified System of Software Documentation. Schemes of Algorithms, Programs, Data, and Systems. Conventional Designations and Execution Rules. Moscow, 2010. Pp. 139-158. Available at: https://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&amp;id=137637 (accessed: 08.09.2024). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зинина Л. И., Петрова Е. С., Иванова И. А. Инновационно-стратегические решения в развитии образовательного направления «Бизнес-информатика» // Вестник Поволжского государственного технологического университета. Сер.: Экономика и управление. 2019. № 2 (42). С. 18-32. https://doi.org/10.25686/2306-2800.2019.2.18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zinina L. I., Petrova E. S., Ivanova I. A. Innovative and strategic decisions in the development of the educational direction "Business Informatics". Vestnik Povolzhskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. Ser.: Ekonomika i upravlenie, 2019, no. 2 (42), pp. 18-32, https://doi.org/10.25686/2306-2800.2019.2.18. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова В. В., Стоянова О. В., Лезина Т. А. Механизмы адаптации образовательных программ к требованиям рынка труда: опыт направления «Бизнес-информатика // Прикладная информатика. 2019. Т. 14, № 5 (83). С. 29-40. DOI: 10.24411/1993-8314-2019-10034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova V. V., Stoyanova O. V., Lezina T. A. Mechanisms for adapting educational programs to labor market requirements: experience of the direction "Business Informatics". Prikladnaya informatika, 2019, vol. 14, no. 5 (83), pp. 29-40, doi: 10.24411/1993-8314-2019-10034. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство труда и социальной защиты Российской Федерации. Приказ от 27 апреля 2023 года № 367н. Об утверждении профессионального стандарта «Системный аналитик». Минтруд России. URL: https://mintrud.gov.ru/docs/mintrud/orders/2638 (дата обращения: 08.09.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation. Order of April 27, 2023 No. 367n. On approval of the professional standard "Systems Analyst". Ministry of Labor of Russia. Available at: https://mintrud.gov.ru/docs/mintrud/orders/2638 (accessed: 08.09.2024). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пронина З. И. Структурные компоненты готовности бакалавров направления подготовки «Бизнес-информатика» к инновационной деятельности // Казанский педагогический журнал. 2018. № 3. С. 58-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pronina Z. I. Structural components of the readiness of bachelors of the training direction "Business Informatics" for innovative activities. Kazanskij pedagogicheskij zhurnal, 2018, no. 3, pp. 58-61. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Родина О. В., Борисов И. А. UML-моделирование процессов управления проектами в Федеральной Налоговой Службе России // Первый экономический журнал. 2023. № 9 (339). С. 44-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodina O. V., Borisov I. A. UML modeling of project management processes in the Federal Tax Service of Russia. Pervyj ekonomicheskij zhurnal, 2023, no. 9 (339), pp. 44-54. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушакова М. В., Габалин А. В. Моделирование бизнес-процессов при подготовке бакалавров по специальности «Бизнес-информатика» в условиях цифровой трансформации предприятий // Открытое образование. 2020. Т. 24, № 6. С. 52-59. https://doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2020-6-51-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushakova M. V., Gabalin A. V. Modeling of business processes in the training of bachelors in the specialty "Business Informatics" in the context of digital transformation of enterprises. Otkrytoe obrazovanie, 2020, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 52-59, https://doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2020-6-51-59. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alenazi M., Niu N., Savolainen J. SysML Modeling Mistakes and Their Impacts on Requirements // Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 27th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW 2019), (23–27 September 2019). 2019. Pp. 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1109/REW.2019.00010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alenazi M., Niu N., Savolainen J. SysML Modeling Mistakes and Their Impacts on Requirements. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 27th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW 2019), (23–27 September 2019), 2019, pp. 14-23, https://doi.org/10.1109/REW.2019.00010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amjad A., Ul Haq S., Abbas M., Arif M.H. UML Profile for Business Process Modeling Notation // Proceedings of the 2021 International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST). (12–16 January 2021). 2021. Pp. 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST51254.2021.9393223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amjad A., Ul Haq S., Abbas M., Arif M.H. UML Profile for Business Process Modeling Notation. Proceedings of the 2021 International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST). (12–16 January 2021), 2021, pp. 389-394, https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST51254.2021.9393223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apostol D.-C., Bogdan R., Marcu M. UML Diagrams in Teaching Software Engineering Classes. A Case Study in Computer Science Class // Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 22nd World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI). (25–27 January 2024). 2024. Pp. 000327-000332. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAMI60510.2024.10432905.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apostol D.-C., Bogdan R., Marcu M. UML Diagrams in Teaching Software Engineering Classes. A Case Study in Computer Science Class. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 22nd World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI). (25–27 January 2024), 2024, pp. 000327-000332, https://doi.org/10.1109/SAMI60510.2024.10432905.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beimel D., Tsoury A., Lev S.B. Identifying common and persistent errors made by novice analysts when modeling business processes using UML activity diagram: utilizing a hierarchical error classification // Software Quality Journal. 2023. Vol. 31. Pp. 1149-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-023-09628-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beimel D., Tsoury A., Lev S.B. Identifying common and persistent errors made by novice analysts when modeling business processes using UML activity diagram: utilizing a hierarchical error classification. Software Quality Journal, 2023, vol. 31, pp. 1149-1178, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-023-09628-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardenas H., Zimmerman R., Viesca A. R., Al Lail M., Perez A. J. Formal UML-based Modeling and Analysis for Securing Location-based IoT Applications // Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 19th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS). (19–23 October 2022). 2022. Pp. 722-723. https://doi.org/10.1109/MASS56207.2022.00109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardenas H., Zimmerman R., Viesca A. R., Al Lail M., Perez A. J. Formal UML-based Modeling and Analysis for Securing Location-based IoT Applications. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 19th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS). (19–23 October 2022), 2022, pp. 722-723, https://doi.org/10.1109/MASS56207.2022.00109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cavique L., Cavique M., Mendes A. B. Integration of UML Diagrams from the Perspective of Enterprise Architecture // Rocha Á., Adeli H., Dzemyda G., Moreira F., Ramalho Correia A. M. (eds) Trends and Applications in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1366. Springer, Cham, 2021. Pp. 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72651-5_44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cavique L., Cavique M., Mendes A. B. Integration of UML Diagrams from the Perspective of Enterprise Architecture. Rocha Á., Adeli H., Dzemyda G., Moreira F., Ramalho Correia A. M. (eds) Trends and Applications in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1366. Springer, Cham, 2021. Pp. 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72651-5_44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chren S., Buhnova B., Macak M., Daubner L., Rossi B. Mistakes in UML Diagrams: Analysis of Student Projects in a Software Engineering Course // Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET 2019), (25–31 May 2019). 2019. Pp. 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEET.2019.00019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chren S., Buhnova B., Macak M., Daubner L., Rossi B. Mistakes in UML Diagrams: Analysis of Student Projects in a Software Engineering Course. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training (ICSE-SEET 2019), (25–31 May 2019), 2019, pp. 100-109, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEET.2019.00019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egorova E. I., Kurylev D. V. Modeling the Technological Process of the “Cup” Part in UML Language // Russian Aeronautics. 2023. Vol. 66. Pp. 864-870. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068799823040281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egorova E. I., Kurylev D. V. Modeling the Technological Process of the “Cup” Part in UML Language. Russian Aeronautics, 2023, vol. 66, pp. 864-870, https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068799823040281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elekes M., Molnár V., Micskei Z. Assessing the specification of modelling language semantics: a study on UML PSSM // Software Quality Journal. 2023. No. 31. Pp. 575-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-023-09617-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elekes M., Molnár V., Micskei Z. Assessing the specification of modelling language semantics: a study on UML PSSM. Software Quality Journal, 2023, no. 31, pp. 575-617, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-023-09617-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felderer M., Herrmann A. Comprehensibility of system models during test design: a controlled experiment comparing UML activity diagrams and state machines // Software Quality Journal. 2019. Vol. 27. Pp. 125-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-018-9407-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felderer M., Herrmann A. Comprehensibility of system models during test design: a controlled experiment comparing UML activity diagrams and state machines. Software Quality Journal, 2019, vol. 27, pp. 125-147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-018-9407-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foss S., Urazova T., Lawrence R. Learning UML database design and modeling with AutoER // Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings (MODELS '22). (23–28 October 2022). 2022. Pp. 42-45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3559091.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foss S., Urazova T., Lawrence R. Learning UML database design and modeling with AutoER. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings (MODELS '22). (23–28 October 2022), 2022, pp. 42-45, https://doi.org/10.1145/3550356.3559091.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gasheva T. S., Vlasov D. I., Otinov A. V., Datsun N. N. Validation Automation of UML Diagrams Created by Students // Trudy ISP RAN. 2021. Vol. 33, no. 4. Pp. 7-18. https://doi.org/10.15514/ISPRAS-2021-33(4)-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasheva T. S., Vlasov D. I., Otinov A. V., Datsun N. N. Validation Automation of UML Diagrams Created by Students. Trudy ISP RAN, 2021, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 7-18, https://doi.org/10.15514/ISPRAS-2021-33(4)-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammer O., Harper D. A. T., Ryan P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis // Palaeontologia Electronica. 2001. Vol. 4, no. 1. Pp. 1-9. Available at: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm (accessed: 08.07.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammer O., Harper D. A. T., Ryan P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 2001, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-9. Available at: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm (accessed: 08.07.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Häring I. Semi-Formal Modeling of Multi-technological Systems I: UML // Technical Safety, Reliability and Resilience. Methods and Processes. Singapore, Springer, 2021. Pp. 227-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4272-9_13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Häring I. Semi-Formal Modeling of Multi-technological Systems I: UML. Technical Safety, Reliability and Resilience. Methods and Processes. Singapore, Springer, 2021. Pp. 227-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4272-9_13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huber F., Eigler T., Hagel G., Wolff C. Qualitative Requirements Elicitation of Student Requirements for Tool-supported Teaching of UML Diagrams // Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Engineering Education (ECSEE '23). (19–21 June 2023). 2023. Pp. 189-193. https://doi.org/10.1145/3593663.3593673.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huber F., Eigler T., Hagel G., Wolff C. Qualitative Requirements Elicitation of Student Requirements for Tool-supported Teaching of UML Diagrams. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Engineering Education (ECSEE '23). (19–21 June 2023), 2023, pp. 189-193, https://doi.org/10.1145/3593663.3593673.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lahon M., Sharma U. Complexity Assessment based on UML-Activity Diagram // International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). 2019. Vol. 8, no. 2. Pp. 2391-2397. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1596.078219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lahon M., Sharma U. Complexity Assessment based on UML-Activity Diagram. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 2391-2397, https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1596.078219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lincke S. Planning for Secure Software Requirements and Design with UML // Information Security Planning. A Practical Approach. Cham, Springer, 2024. Pp. 417-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43118-0_23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lincke S. Planning for Secure Software Requirements and Design with UML. Information Security Planning. A Practical Approach. Cham, Springer, 2024. Pp. 417-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43118-0_23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopes A., Steinmacher I., Conte T. UML Acceptance: Analyzing the Students’ Perception of UML Diagrams // Proceedings of the XXXIII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering (SBES 2019). (23–27 September 2019). 2019. Pp. 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1145/3350768.3352575.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopes A., Steinmacher I., Conte T. UML Acceptance: Analyzing the Students’ Perception of UML Diagrams. Proceedings of the XXXIII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering (SBES 2019). (23–27 September 2019), 2019, pp. 264-272, https://doi.org/10.1145/3350768.3352575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matyokurehwa K., Makoni K. T. Students' Perceptions in Software Modelling Using UML in Undergraduate Software Engineering Projects // International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE). 2019. Vol. 15, no. 4. Article no. 2. Pp. 12-24. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2019100102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matyokurehwa K., Makoni K. T. Students' Perceptions in Software Modelling Using UML in Undergraduate Software Engineering Projects. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE), 2019, vol. 15, no. 4, article no. 2, pp. 12-24, https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2019100102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Méré M., Jouault F., Pallardy L., Perdriau R. Feedback on the formal verification of UML models in an industrial context: the case of a smart device life cycle management system // Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS '22). (23–28 October 2022). 2022. Pp. 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1145/3550355.3552454.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Méré M., Jouault F., Pallardy L., Perdriau R. Feedback on the formal verification of UML models in an industrial context: the case of a smart device life cycle management system. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS '22). (23–28 October 2022), 2022, pp. 121-131, https://doi.org/10.1145/3550355.3552454.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OMG® Unified Modeling Language® (OMG UML®). Version 2.5.1 (with change bars). Available at: https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF/changebar (accessed: 08.09.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OMG® Unified Modeling Language® (OMG UML®). Version 2.5.1 (with change bars). Available at: https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF/changebar (accessed: 08.09.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ordinez L., Eggly G., Micheletto M., Santos R. Using UML for Learning How to Design and Model Cyber-Physical Systems // IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje. 2020. Vol. 15, no. 1. Pp. 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2020.2978416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ordinez L., Eggly G., Micheletto M., Santos R. Using UML for Learning How to Design and Model Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje. 2020. vol. 15, no. 1. pp. 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2020.2978416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/defect_1 (accessed: 08.09.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/defect_1 (accessed: 08.09.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pérez-Castillo R., Piattini M. Design of classical-quantum systems with UML // Computing. 2022. Vol. 104. Pp. 2375-2403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-022-01091-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pérez-Castillo R., Piattini M. Design of classical-quantum systems with UML. Computing. 2022. vol. 104. pp. 2375-2403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-022-01091-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polančič G., Cignar B. Complexity metrics for process models – A systematic literature review // Computer Standards &amp; Interfaces. 2017. Vol. 51. Pp. 104-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2016.12.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polančič G., Cignar B. Complexity metrics for process models – A systematic literature review. Computer Standards &amp; Interfaces. 2017. vol. 51. pp. 104-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2016.12.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posadas H., Vázquez J. L., Villar E. Automatic code generation from UML for data memory optimization in microcontrollers // Proceedings of the 2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS). (15-17 November 2023). 2023. Pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/DCIS58620.2023.10335980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posadas H., Vázquez J. L., Villar E. Automatic code generation from UML for data memory optimization in microcontrollers. Proceedings of the 2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS). (15-17 November 2023). 2023. pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/DCIS58620.2023.10335980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priyalakshmi G., Sidhan M., Mithilesh V., Nishanth G., Marceline J. UML Design Modeling of Smart Contracts // Senjyu T., So-In C., Joshi A. (eds) Smart Trends in Computing and Communications. SmartCom 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 650. Springer, Singapore, 2023. Pp. 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0838-7_34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priyalakshmi G., Sidhan M., Mithilesh V., Nishanth G., Marceline J. UML Design Modeling of Smart Contracts. Senjyu T., So-In C., Joshi A. (eds) Smart Trends in Computing and Communications. SmartCom 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 650. Springer, Singapore, 2023. Pp. 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0838-7_34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reuter R., Stark T., Sedelmaier Y., Landes D., Mottok J., Wolff C. Insights in Students’ Problems during UML Modeling // Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON 2020). (27–30 April 2020). 2020. Pp. 592-600. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON45650.2020.9125110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reuter R., Stark T., Sedelmaier Y., Landes D., Mottok J., Wolff C. Insights in Students’ Problems during UML Modeling. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON 2020). (27–30 April 2020), 2020, pp. 592-600, https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON45650.2020.9125110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanyoto A. E. A., Saputra M. C., Aknuranda I. Analyzing The Impact of UML, BPMN, and ArchiMate Integration from User Perspective // Proceedings of the 2024 10th International Conference on Computing and Artificial Intelligence (ICCAI '24). (26–29 April 2024). 2024. Pp. 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1145/3669754.3669817.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanyoto A. E. A., Saputra M. C., Aknuranda I. Analyzing The Impact of UML, BPMN, and ArchiMate Integration from User Perspective. Proceedings of the 2024 10th International Conference on Computing and Artificial Intelligence (ICCAI '24). (26–29 April 2024), 2024, pp. 409-414, https://doi.org/10.1145/3669754.3669817.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semenova E., Tynchenko V., Chashchina S., Suetin V., Stashkevich A. Using UML to Describe the Development of Software Products Using an Object Approach // Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS), (01-04 June 2022). 2022. Pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMTRONICS55184.2022.9795777.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenova E., Tynchenko V., Chashchina S., Suetin V., Stashkevich A. Using UML to Describe the Development of Software Products Using an Object Approach. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS), (01-04 June 2022), 2022, pp. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMTRONICS55184.2022.9795777.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva L. F., Oliveira E. Jr, dos Santos R. P. A Field Study on Reference Architectural Decisions for Developing a UML-based Software Product Line Tool // Proceedings of the 16th Brazilian Symposium on Software Components, Architectures, and Reuse (SBCARS '22). (3–4 October 2022). 2022. Pp. 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3559712.3559713.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva L. F., Oliveira E. Jr, dos Santos R. P. A Field Study on Reference Architectural Decisions for Developing a UML-based Software Product Line Tool. Proceedings of the 16th Brazilian Symposium on Software Components, Architectures, and Reuse (SBCARS '22). (3–4 October 2022), 2022, pp. 20-29, https://doi.org/10.1145/3559712.3559713.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinawang B. H., Redi A. N. P., Young M. N. Optimizing Value Proposition and Customer Engagement in Mobile Applications: Using UML with Process Chain Analysis // Proceedings of the 2024 7th International Conference on Computers in Management and Business (ICCMB '24). (12–14 January, 2024). 2024. Pp. 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1145/3647782.3647813.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinawang B. H., Redi A. N. P., Young M. N. Optimizing Value Proposition and Customer Engagement in Mobile Applications: Using UML with Process Chain Analysis. Proceedings of the 2024 7th International Conference on Computers in Management and Business (ICCMB '24). (12–14 January, 2024), 2024, pp. 200-205, https://doi.org/10.1145/3647782.3647813.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stramaglia A., Keiren J. J. A. Formal Verification of an Industrial UML-like Model using mCRL2 // Groote J. F., Huisman M. (eds) Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems. FMICS 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13487. Springer, Cham, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15008-1_7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stramaglia A., Keiren J. J. A. Formal Verification of an Industrial UML-like Model using mCRL2. Groote J. F., Huisman M. (eds) Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems. FMICS 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13487. Springer, Cham, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15008-1_7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Hien N., Van He N. An Object-Oriented Model Based on the Specialization of Real-Time UML/MARTE and Hybrid Automata to Realize Industrial Hybrid Dynamic Systems // Proceedings of the 2022 9th NAFOSTED Conference on Information and Computer Science (NICS). (31 October 2022 – 01 November 2022). 2022. Pp. 408-413. https://doi.org/10.1109/NICS56915.2022.10013391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Hien N., Van He N. An Object-Oriented Model Based on the Specialization of Real-Time UML/MARTE and Hybrid Automata to Realize Industrial Hybrid Dynamic Systems. Proceedings of the 2022 9th NAFOSTED Conference on Information and Computer Science (NICS). (31 October 2022 – 01 November 2022), 2022, pp. 408-413, https://doi.org/10.1109/NICS56915.2022.10013391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veitaite I., Lopata A. Problem Domain Example of Knowledge-Based Enterprise Model Usage for Different UML Behavioral Models Generation // Abramowicz W., Auer S., Stróżyna M. (eds) Business Information Systems Workshops. BIS 2021. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 444. Springer, Cham, 2022. Pp. 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04216-4_5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veitaite I., Lopata A. Problem Domain Example of Knowledge-Based Enterprise Model Usage for Different UML Behavioral Models Generation. Abramowicz W., Auer S., Stróżyna M. (eds) Business Information Systems Workshops. BIS 2021. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 444. Springer, Cham, 2022. Pp. 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04216-4_5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogel-Heuser B., Land K., Bi F. Challenges for Students of Mechanical Engineering Using UML – Typical Questions and Faults // Proceedings of the 2020 6th IEEE Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt 2020), (05–12 June 2021). 2021. Pp. 261-266. https://doi.org/10.1109/CiSt49399.2021.9357186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogel-Heuser B., Land K., Bi F. Challenges for Students of Mechanical Engineering Using UML – Typical Questions and Faults. Proceedings of the 2020 6th IEEE Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt 2020), (05–12 June 2021), 2021, pp. 261-266, https://doi.org/10.1109/CiSt49399.2021.9357186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von Borstel F. D., Villa-Medina J. F., Gutiérrez J. Development of Mobile Robots based on Wireless Robotic Components using UML and Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets // Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems. 2022. Vol. 104. P. 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-021-01549-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von Borstel F. D., Villa-Medina J. F., Gutiérrez J. Development of Mobile Robots based on Wireless Robotic Components using UML and Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets. Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems, 2022, vol. 104, p. 70, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-021-01549-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
